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In literature, a moral universe is the moral nature of the universe as a whole in relation to human life, or a specific moral code. ==A moral universe== A moral universe implies that we live in a basically spiritual universe that is somehow ordered by a higher power, by invisible feelings of good and bad, a 'cosmic order' reminiscent of the early Greeks 〔William Allan, ''Divine Justice and Cosmic Order in Early Greek Epic,'' The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 126, (2006), pp.1-35〕 that underpins and motivates our actions. Or a 'moral force' that means our actions must have definite effects which we carry with us. In this respect its meaning comes close to the Hindu concept of Karma. Those who reject this idea tend to believe that the universe is just physical, has no spiritual component at all, that events are random and have no deeper meaning or purpose, and that there can be no consequences of any kind to our actions and thus that we live in an amoral or nihilistic universe,〔J K Hyde, ''Concepts of Power in Kierkegaard and Nietzsche,'' UK: Ashgate, 2010, p.11〕 as in Nietzsche's "God is dead," aphorism.〔Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, Adrian Del Caro, Robert B. Pippin, ''Nietzsche: Thus Spoke Zarathustra,'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, p.5〕 Such might be the position of "anti-moral free spirits-nihilists."〔David Davidson, ''From Virgin to Dynamo: The "Amoral Woman" in European Cinema,'' Cinema Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1, Psychological Aspects (Autumn, 1981), pp.31-58〕 It is in Dostoyevsky's oft-quoted saying, "if God does not exist, then everything is permitted,"〔Fyodor Dostoyevsky, ''The Brothers Karamazov,'' 1880, p.6〕 that the notion of an amoral universe, and its implications, are explored. Similarly, some atheists, pagans and most Buddhists believe that we live in a moral universe (see Buddhist morality), but without the God aspect. The concept of a moral universe also implies that the good and bad events in our lives happen to us for a reason that life is good, and has a purpose, that human beings are basically good, that nature is good.〔Stephen R. Kellert, Timothy J. Farnham, ''The Good in Nature and Humanity: Connecting Science, Religion, and Spirituality with the Natural World,'' Island Press, 2002, p.16〕 In a moral universe, these meanings might be subtly discerned (see Hermeneutics), while it also offers the prospect of spiritual development, growth and enlightenment, whereas if we live in an amoral universe, these notions are utterly denied and in fact impossible (see Moral nihilism and Nihilism). Foucault, for example, is sometimes depicted as an amoral nihilist.〔O'Farrell, Clare D. ''Foucault and Post Modernism,'' The Sydney Papers, 18(3-4), 2006, pp.182-194, (specific citation on p.5)〕 The concept of a moral universe seems also to underpin spirituality and forms the basis for kindness, compassion, altruism,〔James R Ozinga, ''Altruism,'' Greenwood Press, 1999〕 and caring for others in human behaviour, including ecological activism and conservation. This is because it places a value on human life and living things that goes beyond what would seem suitable if we regarded people and living things merely as agglomerations of atoms essentially no different from any other unfeeling, non-sentient molecular structures such as rocks, soil, mountains or planets. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Moral universe」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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